The Role Of Racial Tension And The Consequence Of...

John Dower takes a look at the role of racial tension and the consequence of reconstruction and military policy in the Pacific theater of World War II. These racial tensions in World War Two were not confined to the tensions between Nazi Germany and European Jewish persons. These feelings were spread between other European groups, the United States, and Asian countries. The racial feelings that lay between Japan and the United States was readily displayed through various mediums, which include propaganda film, written documentation, and cartoons. Military and public figures were also documented expressing these views of racial inferiority. Part one of Dower’s book goes through ideas before, during and after World War II. Starting off†¦show more content†¦The Japanese, though, had a similar facade covering their actions in Asia. Prior to World War II, there was a number of colonial settlements in Asia to which were controlled by Western Allies. â€Å"In the highly publicized Assembly of the Greater East Asiatic Nations convened in Tokyo in November 1943, a succession of Asian leaders voiced support for Japan and placed the war in East-versus-West, Oriental-versus-Occidental, and ultimately blood-versus-blood context†(6). The war appeared to be a way for Asian leaders to gain control over their own lands again; however, Japan’s behavior towards other Asians caused for a lose of support in their growth. the Japanese became â€Å"dominating the political scene, taking over local economies, imposing broad programs of â€Å"Japanization,† slapping non-Japanese in public, torturing and e xecuting dissidents, exploiting native labor so severely that between 1942 and 1945 the death toll among such workers numbered in the hundreds of thousands† (7). Though moving across the continent under ideals of a â€Å"free Asia,† the Japanese were also moving with the ideal of imperialism and cultural superiority. During the war, propaganda that was used to drive home stereotypes of each cultural group. â€Å"On the part of the Japanese , this involved singling out the emphasis placed on individualism and profit making in the Western tradition, and presenting this as proof positive that Westerners were

Radio and Television Broadcasting in Canada - 1446 Words

1 The 1920s was an exciting time for broadcasting technology in the west; the possibilities of all that this era had to offer were infinite and with it came much needed regulatory policies. Radio and television broadcasting were at their infancy and no one knew how big this idea of instant, national connection would become. Soon after this, it became apparent that Canadians prominently turned their attention to American broadcasting and, in turn, overlooked their own. This piece of information sparked the birth of regulatory policies and the Canadian Broadcasting Act which would control percentages of original Canadian and foreign content to see to it that Canadians would not lose sight of their culture and that the Canadian broadcasting industries could stay in business. Then again, why should the government have say over what their people are allowed and not allowed to watch, listen to, or enjoy? As it is, times are changing and more and more people are able to download or stream m ovies to which the government has very little control over. Is the idea that the Canadian Broadcasting Act was originally implemented for, even still necessary? New media has taken over the world, social media is a constant, and even if attempted, people would not be able to get away from the hundreds of advertisements that they see each and every day. The essential control needed to keep Canadian content, culture, and industry thriving is found in the Canadian Broadcasting Act (CBA) to whichShow MoreRelatedEssay on Communication Technologies in Canada1407 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication Technologies in Canada Canada is also very unique in the global economy in light of their communication technologies. Canada is a unique country because it allows two main companies control its communication industry. The two big players in the game are Rogers, who control eastern Canada, and Shaw, who control western Canada. Rogers Communication started with a vision that radio is an electric pipeline by Edward S. Rogers, Sr. In 1925 Mr. Rogers, Sr. invented the worldsRead MoreCanada s Influence On The Canadian Culture1093 Words   |  5 Pagesthe world, allowing them to relate to the Canadian culture. To begin, most countries lack diversity within their population. On the other hand, Canada can be depict as a melting pot. Canada’s population is very diverse and the people in their society successfully coexist with one another. The population is viewed as one whole group. A similar country Canada can be compared to would be the United States. Both countries are known for their diversity. Whether diversity is displayed in their populationRead MoreCanadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Broadcasting Regulatory Policy 1626 Words   |  7 PagesPolicy Problem The recent Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications (CRTC) (2013c) Broadcasting Regulatory Policy on the Distribution of Canadian Category C national news speciality services marks a new regulatory approach to distributing competitive news and sports programming in Canada. This policy is a response to Canadians concerns over consumer choice due to program bundling and an inability to select news and sports programs on a stand-alone basis (CRTC, 2013c; CRTC, 2014). BasedRead MoreThe Implementation Of Media And Communications Policies1672 Words   |  7 Pagesattention regarding policies than others. In Canada, broadcasting falls into the former category when compared to other cultural industries such as magazine publishing, sound recording, and feature film. Although there are policies already implemented to support Canadian video productions, if the goal is indeed to protect Canadian culture and film industry, these policies are simply not enough, especially when compared t o government policies on broadcasting. The implementation of media and communicationsRead MoreCanadian Company: Rogers Control Essay658 Words   |  3 Pagesthings that we use today, some including: TV, Radio, Mobile Devices, Media, Broadcasting, etc. Rogers was founded in 1925 by Edward Rogers and was originally called â€Å"Standard Radio Manufacturing†. Its main objective was to sell battery-less radio’s using â€Å"Vacuum Tube â€Å"Technology. (He created the first successful alternating current radio tube.) The company then changed its name to â€Å"Rogers Majestic Corporation Limited and then Rogers Battery-less Radio Company. On May 6th, 1939, Edward Rogers Sr.Read MoreCanadian Industry Description And Analysis Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesBharat L. Sud Commerce 2MA3 - CO2 20th October 2016 Group 8 Report One: Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 334220); BlackBerry Group Member Student Number Email Address Chen Penny 400038825 Chenx103 Li Steve 400006193 lim Xu Chris 400018441 xuw10 Zhang Ruiqi 001414716 zhangr47 Table of Contents BlackBerry 1 Introduction 1 Canadian Industry Description and Analysis 1 Company Description and Analysis 2 Company strength and weaknessRead More The Future of Radio Essay examples1594 Words   |  7 PagesThe Future of Radio   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the increase in popularity of radio, Arthur Edwin Kennelly said (1926) through radio I look forward to a United States of the World. Radio is standardizing the peoples of the Earth, English will become the universal language because it is predominantly the language of the ether. The most important aspect of radio is its sociological influence. Kennelly was foreseeing the potential power and impact that radio would soon come to have. By the late twenties, we wouldRead More Identity and Culture Essay1467 Words   |  6 Pagesexample of how the history of something in a country can shape and influence the identity and culture of the country. The history of the Canadian Film Industry allows us insight as to how the identity and culture of Canada were created. The first introduction of film into Canada was on June 27th, 1896, when there was a demonstration of the French ‘cinà ©matographe’ in Montreal. It was the French Cinà ©matographe which was the world’s first public view of moving pictures. These pictures were each onlyRead MoreA Brief History of the Development of Advertising1461 Words   |  6 Pageshotels in Pichilemu, Chile from 1935. In the early 1920s, the first radio stations were established by radio equipment manufacturers and retailers who offered programs in order to sell more radios to consumers. 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Risk Management Complete Guide To Business -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Risk Management Complete Guide To Business? Answer: Introduction According to the Harvard Business Review (2018), risk assessment can be defined as the process by means of which the various companies or the business organisations measure the amount of risk faced by their organisation. The amount of qualitative or quantitative risk faced by any organisation or company can be effectively measured by the use of tool called Risk Exposure Calculator(Harvard Business Review 2018). This particular tool is often used by companies as well as business organisations to measure the amount of risk faced by them. It is to be noted that a knowledge of the risks faced by a particular company or organization can help them to overcome those threats which will lead to the overall growth as well as the development of the company or the organisation concerned. The company selected to study the process of risk assessment is Property Millionaires. It is an Australian company and provides services to the customers in the real estate sector. The company is a medium sized one and have around 10 employees at their office. However, it is seen that the business of the company in the recent times have been expanding and the organisation is a dilemma regarding the kind of action which they need to pursue. The owner of the company, George wants to expand the company whereas the managers and the regional managers of the company do not favour the expansion idea of the owner, George. Pressure points due to growth In the opinion of authors like Simchi-Levi, Schmidt and Wei (2014), growth forms one of the major aspects of all business organisations and almost all the companies consider the overall growth as well as the development of their organisation to be their primary motive. However, as stated in the Harvard Business Review (2018), there are various risks involved with the process of growth as well as expansion. The major risks involved with the process of growth are listed as follows- Pressure for performance In the opinion of authors like Van Dooren, Bouckaert and Halligan (2015), the pressure for performance can become one of the primary sources of risk for any company or business organisation. In the context of the company Property Millionaires it will be seen that the owner of the company, George wants to follow the path of growth and therefore the existing employees will have to improve the level of their performance considerably. It is also noticed that the company does not have any particular strategy to increase their customer base. Each employees provides seminars to the customers using his or her intelligence and they report them back to the regional management only if they have developed anything substantial. Therefore, the company will have to take these factors into consideration if it wants to follow the path of growth and expansion. The score of the company as per the risk exposure calculator for this particular aspect is 4. Pressure for expansion According to authors like Aebi, Sabato, and Schmid (2012), every company can embark on the path of growth as well as development, however, it is very difficult to sustain that process. It is often seen many companies lose their way after initial periods of rapid growth as well as development and expansion. The owner of the company, George has decided to follow the path of expansion. Apparently, many customers are liking the services provided by the company and the company needs to hire more employees in order to cater to all the needs as well as the requirements of these customers. However, it is seen that the new candidates recruited by the company are not only inexperienced but inefficient as well. Therefore, the quality of the services provided by the company is declining. Thus, it can be said that the pressure for expansion is adversely affecting the company. The score of the company as per the risk exposure calculator is 5. Inexperience of key employees In the opinion of the author Picken (2017), the kind of employees working for an organisation or company determines the success or the failure of the organisation. Most of the employees of the company Property Millionaires work on a commission basis and have devised their own means to grab more customers. Moreover, the company in a bid to expand is recruiting new candidates. However, it is seen that most of these candidates are inexperienced and does not contribute much to the company. It could affect the prospects of the company in the longer run. The score of the company on this particular aspect is 4. Pressure points due to culture According to the article in the Harvard Business Review (2018), culture forms one of the most important aspects of any business organisation or company. It is often seen that the companies which have an aggressive work culture are more likely to succeed in the longer run than the ones which do not have such cultures. The pressure points due to culture are as follows- Rewards for entrepreneurial risk taking In the opinion of the authors like Lazonick and Mazzucato (2013), the success or the failure of a company or a business organisation depends on amount of run that its entrepreneurs are willing to take. It is to be noted that the company Property Millionaires provide free seminars to the customers in bid to sell them their real estate deals. These seminars are designed by the employees who get salaries on the basis of the number of the customers they bring to the company. They report about the seminars to the company only if something substantial economics up. Therefore, it can be said that the employees of the company are willing to take risk for the overall growth as well as development of the company. The score of the company for this particular aspect on the risk exposure calculator is 2. Executive resistance to bad news Authors like Beske and Seuring (2014) are of the opinion that the overall growth as well as the development of any company or organisation depends on the way they are able to handle the bad news. It is to be noted that the company George, provides free seminars to the customers to lure them to take their lucrative deals. These seminars are designed by the employees in the manner they see fit. They report back about these seminars only if they have some substantial results. Thus, it is seen that the negative as well as the bad news are not often conveyed to the regional managers. The score of the company for this aspect on the risk exposure calculator is 5. Level of internal competition Internal competition forms one of the most important aspect of any organisation or company and if properly utilised can lead to the overall growth as well as the development of the company or the organisation concerned. It is to be noted that the company, Property Millionaires do not provide fixed salary to the employees and they work on the commission basis. The level of competition within the company is very high and the employees who are able to bring amount of customers to the company are given more priority than the others. This sometimes creates negative kind of environment within the company and it is also seen that the employees to attract more customers use all sorts of unethical as well as immoral means. The score of the company on this particular aspect is 4 as calculated on the risk exposure calculator. Pressure points due to information management The article in the Harvard Business Review (2018), states that the effective management of the information within an organisation or a company is very important for the overall growth as well as development of the organisation concerned. The article also states that there are various risks involved with the process. The risks which are involved in the process are listed below- Transaction complexity and velocity The primary motive of the company is to provide effective services to the customers in the real estate sectors. The company in order to attract the attention of the customers provides free seminars to them, which informs them about the precepts of the real estate industry. The company therefore, needs to constantly update their database as it is usually seen that the laws which govern the real estate activities constantly change. However, it is seen that as the seminars are designed by the employees so they focus on the profitably of the transaction and not on the relevant regulations. The score of the company on this aspects as measured by the risk exposure calculator is 3. Gaps in diagnostic performance Effective measurement of the performance of the various employees as well as the organisation itself is one of the most important functions of the management team (Hofmann et al. 2014). However, in the company, Property Millionaires it is seen that the various regional managers are often unaware about the actual performance of the employees as they do not work on a fixed salary scale but on the incentive scale. Therefore, there is often a gap in the diagnosis of the performance and this can hamper the prospects of the company in the longer run. The score of the company for this particular aspect as measured by the risk exposure calculator is 4. Degree of decentralized decision making In the opinion of authors like Sadgrove (2016), the decision making power should within an organisation should be with the management team only. It is often seen that if the decision making power is provided to many people it leads to a gross misuse of the power. In the company, Property Millionaire it is seen that there is a management team which is supposed to make the various decisions related to the seminars. However, most of the time it is seen that the various employees design the seminars as per their requirements and they report back the changes to the regional managers only if any substantial result comes out of it. Therefore, it can be said that the power within the company is decentralised. The score of the company in this particular aspect is 4. The above given scores for various aspects when added up will give a overall score of 35, which makes the company fall in the danger zone category. Therefore, the company needs to come up with effective measures to save itself from the eminent risks which is facing at the present moment. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it becomes clear that the management of risk forms an important aspect of any company or business organisation. Effective management of risk is very important as it can lead to the overall growth as well as the development of the entire company or the business organisation concerned. The risk assessment of the company Property Millionaires clearly indicates that it fall under the category of the danger zone and needs to come up with some effective remedial measures immediately in order to save itself from the threats which it is facing right now. References Aebi, V., Sabato, G. and Schmid, M., 2012. Risk management, corporate governance, and bank performance in the financial crisis.Journal of Banking Finance,36(12), pp.3213-3226. Beske, P. and Seuring, S., 2014. Putting sustainability into supply chain management.Supply Chain Management: an international journal,19(3), pp.322-331. Harvard Business Review. 2018.How Risky Is Your Company?. [online] Available at: https://hbr.org/1999/05/how-risky-is-your-company [Accessed 4 Feb. 2018]. Hofmann, H., Busse, C., Bode, C. and Henke, M., 2014. Sustainability?related supply chain risks: conceptualization and management.Business Strategy and the Environment,23(3), pp.160-172. Lazonick, W. and Mazzucato, M., 2013. The risk-reward nexus in the innovation-inequality relationship: who takes the risks? Who gets the rewards?.Industrial and Corporate Change,22(4), pp.1093-1128. Picken, J.C., 2017. From startup to scalable enterprise: Laying the foundation.Business Horizons,60(5), pp.587-595. Sadgrove, K., 2016. The complete guide to business risk management. Routledge. Simchi-Levi, D., Schmidt, W. and Wei, Y., 2014. From superstorms to factory fires: Managing unpredictable supply chain disruptions.Harvard Business Review,92(1-2), pp.96-101. Van Dooren, W., Bouckaert, G. and Halligan, J., 2015.Performance management in the public sector. Routledge.

Making China Beautiful Shiseido and the China Market Essay Example

Making China Beautiful: Shiseido and the China Market Essay Problem: The chain-store distribution expansion strategy Shiseido is using in China is resulting in increased turnover, sales of counterfeit products and consumption of training resources. Analysis and Evaluation: Shiseido began its movement into China in the 1980s. First there was exporting, then a joint venture and finally, direct investment with the establishment of a manufacturing facility. During this expansion, the company’s goal was stay focused on Chinese culture and to create products especially for Chinese people. This was demonstrated many times; for example, the HuaZi line produced in China for Shiseido had a label on the back of the packaging that made a reference to the technological cooperation provided by Shiseido of Japan. Shiseido wanted to put out the message that the product was a Chinese one created with their help instead of the other way around. In addition, a separate line was created for Chinese women (Aupres) and it was advertised using Chinese models only. This strategy worked very well for Shiseido; in 2003, the Aupres brand represented 60% of the company’s total sales in China. This success led Shiseido to conclude they needed to create a network of chain stores to increase sales and market share. Shiseido introduced the voluntary chain store system in Japan in 1923. The idea was to have stores that would work cooperatively with the manufacturer. There was no franchise fee and the stores were not contractually bound to stay in the network for any specific period of time. Shiseido required the products sold by company provided representatives and that they were given exclusive retail space. This outlet strategy was extremely successful during Japan’s economic boom. The company had as many as 25,000 stores in the late 1990s. In 2003, Shiseido employed the same chain store strategy in China as it had done in Japan. The company established contracts with the stores outlining terms such as pre-payment for product. In return, Shiseido would provide training and support to help the business grow. The company’s goal in China was to promote their high quality product through the best service available, so the expectations for the employees were elevated as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Making China Beautiful: Shiseido and the China Market specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Making China Beautiful: Shiseido and the China Market specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Making China Beautiful: Shiseido and the China Market specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The launch was successful, but problems started to arise. Stores were caught selling counterfeit product, annual turnover (between the department stores and the chain stores) was 30% and training was taking up more time and resources than Shiseido had anticipated. To ensure sustained success, Shiseido can address these issues a few different ways: * Fight counterfeiting through working with the Chinese government to protect intellectual property rights and to find and shut down operations making the knock-off products. Pro: The reduction of counterfeit products increases the protection of the brand. * Con: Shiseido may face resistance from the government since they are a foreign company. * Employ more control over training operations when entering into contracts with chain stores. Provide more intense support to ensure that the staff is properly trained and is on board with the company’s philosophy. * Pro: More thorough training will reduce the turnover rate. Con: This strateg y will require a great amount of resources to be used prior to and during the life of the contract. * Drop the chain stores and stay with selling the product through department stores only. * Pro: Less human resources consumed for training. * Con: Shrinkage of market share due to reduced distribution channels. Recommendation: The company wants to succeed in China with a strategy that is proven in Japan, and this can be done through a training program which they tailor more towards the Chinese people. Shiseido needs to revert back to its earlier goal of keeping the Chinese culture in mind, because this will be an effective way to teach new employees the company’s vision and values. First, research training and reward methods effective with the Chinese and use this to revise the current policies. Second, pre-screen employees using a computer test. Third, permanently relocate experienced beauty consultants to China so there is constant support within the country. These tactics will help reduce the turnover rate, and eventually reduce the amount of intense training resources needed.

Argument and Logic Essays

Argument and Logic Essays Argument and Logic Essay Argument and Logic Essay Augustine on God and Time Why did God choose to create the world at the time he did and not at some other As Augustine questioned, he believed that Plato and Plotinusâ„ ¢s assumption was false, maintaining that God does not exist in time; instead, time began with the creation by God of the world. By the very notion that Augustine goes through great lengths to support his position of a false assumption, is the very definition of an argument. It is evidence that as Augustine started his walk in Christianity, he became saturated with the teachings of the Platonists. His faith was so strong and he was so opinionated about it that anything that he found consistent, he adopted; anything contrary to the faith was amended. By definition, Logic, the study of correct inference, is concerned with whether and to what extent a reason truly does support a conclusion. This concept is indeed relevant in the reading when St. Augustine regarded Plotinus and Plato as having prepared him for Christianity by exposing him to important Christian principles before he encountered them in scripture. Augustine had a very strong inclination toward skepticism and was tempted to believe that nothing can be known. Plato and Plotinus enabled Augustine to overcome this inclination. Strengths and Weaknesses One way of looking at these options is to say to oneself, As to whoâ„ ¢s strength and weaknesses do you speak of. On one hand, itâ„ ¢s apparent that Augustineâ„ ¢s teaching of Christianity was that of his own interpretation. He took what he learned and interpreted and began to teach from that aspect, but is that the correct module to teach from Are we in fact learning the true essence of Christianity from him or are we learning HIS views and opinions. Philosophy boarders on the process of debating, which though the art of persuasion, one side often prevails over the other side by presenting a superior context and/or framework of the issue. This in fact can be viewed as a weakness to one opponent, but is it truly a complete form of weakness no to get others to see your way than for them to just analyze it differently Related article

SAT Score Range The Complete Story

SAT Score Range The Complete Story SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips What is the range for SAT scores? How do your scores stack up? In this article, I’ll give you a basic rundown of the range of scores you can expect on the SAT and help you put your scores in perspective if you’ve already taken the test. SAT Score Range: The Basics The SAT is scored on a 1600 point scale, and composite scores range from 400 to 1600.You composite score represents the combined scores of two test sections: Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, scored from 200 to 800, and Math, also scored from 200 to 800. You get three test scores in Reading, Writing, and Math on your score report, but they range from 10-40 and will not be a concrete aspect of your final composite score.The SAT score reportalso includestwo cross test scores and seven subsection scores that are designed to give you a more complete picture of your strengths and weaknesses based on which questions you answered correctly. The essay is optional (like it currently is on the ACT) and does impact your composite score; the essay score is reported separately. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Average SAT Scores The national average for composite SAT scores is around a 1500.For 2014, these were the average section scores: Critical Reading: 497Math: 513Writing: 487 Total: 1497 If you’re scoring above a 1500, you’re already doing better than half of the country.If you’re scoring above an 1800 you’re in the top 25% of scorers, and if you're scoring below a 1260 you’re in the lowest 25%. In the end, you shouldn’t worry about these averages nearly as much as you should worry about averages for your particular college.Some schools don’t even consider the Writing Score, like schools in the public university system in Massachusetts.Admitted students to UMASS Lowell last year had an average combined Critical Reading and Math score of 1150, meaning they scored slightly higher than average on each test. If you want to have the strongest chance of getting into a school, you should aim for the 75th percentile score (a higher score than 75 percent of admitted students).If you’re hoping to get into schools in the Ivy League and other top schools like MIT and Stanford, you will be expected to have scores that are in the 2200-2400 range.To use Stanford as an example, the 75th percentile composite score for applicants this past year was a 2360! To learn more about what scores you should aim for, check out our article on figuring out your target score. Ugh Stanford get over yourself. NO PLEASE TAKE ME YOU'RE BEAUTIFUL. Studying for Your Score Goals Now that you have a better sense of the possible score range on the SAT, you can take a practice test (or take a look at scores from an SAT you’ve already taken) and see where you fall in the rankings.If your scores aren’t where you need them to be yet, that’s ok! You will just have to plan out your studying time accordingly. I’ll outline some brief guidelines below, but for more information read my article on how long you should study for the SAT and our complete study plan for the SAT. I’m Looking to Improve 100-200 Points This will require about 40 hours of studying on average.Plan ahead a couple months or so before your test date - if you give yourself two months, five hours of studying a week should get you up to speed.If you prefer to spread out your studying more, you might start studying six months in advance and schedule out one or two hours a week for SAT prep. I’m Looking to Improve by Around 300 Points This will require about 60-80 hours of studying on average.You should plan out your studying at least three or four months in advance and be prepared to study for five hours every week.In this case it would probably be easier to start studying six months or more before the test. If you think you might need longer study time because you often get distracted or have difficulty learning quickly from your mistakes, you should definitely plan on starting six months in advance and studying at least two or three hours a week. I’m Looking to Improve by 500+ Points This is a big goal, so you should be prepared to study for 150+ hours to reach it.If you start six months before the test and study for five hours a week or so, that should be enough to get you close to a 500 point improvement. Remember, though, if you want to improve by this much, yourstudying has to be super high-quality!Mark any questions you don’t understand on practice tests and figure out what the problem is that’s causing you to make mistakes.Fully understanding your mistakes and figuring out how to correct them is the key to making significant improvements! Summary Here are some of the main points you should know about SAT scores: Composite scores range from 600 to 2400 Critical Reading, Math, and Writing are each worth 200 to 800 points Nationally, the average SAT score is about 1500 You should check the average scores for the schools you’re applying to, and try to aim for the 75th percentile score as a goal for yourself.Everyone has a different target score!You can make a study plan depending on how much you need to improve, so your scores will be in the right range by the time you take the real test. What's Next? Trying to decide when to take the SAT? Read this article to find the best test date for your situation. If you plan on taking the new SAT but have been practicing with the old SAT, take a look at the charts in this article to convert your scores and see where you might fall within the new 1600 point score range. Score choice and superscoring are two policies that might impact your test taking and studying plans for the SAT. Read more about these policies and the difference between them. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Using the key studies from the course, suggest what answers Essay

Using the key studies from the course, suggest what answers psychologists can give to the question Who am I - Essay Example logy, even though had reached great heights as far as the theories are concerned, has failed to create a revolution in the society and has proved quite helpless to transform the human nature. (Gross Richard , 2003,Pg.3). But even then, psychologists have done their best to understand the complex creation called the man and tried their best to answer the question, â€Å"Who am I?†. stagnant or a physical thing. It is a volatile and ever-changing aspect of human being and so the question can be answered in different ways. Following are some of the answers that we can come up with. I am the one who try to study and perceive people, events, relationships, the society and the system that I live in. I try to increase my understanding of everything around me using all the sensory abilities that I have so that I can have a control over my life. That is my motivation of the life, to control it and feel powerful and happy about it(Gross Richard , 2003, Pg.13). I am a product of my culture. The culture that I am born into influences me in every way. My thoughts, my behavior pattern, my beliefs, my religion, the food that I eat and the clothes that I wear are nothing but the influences of the I am the most superior of all the species. No other species can beat me when it comes to the ability of communication. I can interpret symbols and make references out of it. I can understand and communicate the things that are not in the space and time. I can mix different parts of the language and form a sentence that makes a sensible meaning. And my most powerful ability is creativity which makes me the most interesting and intelligent species on the earth ( Gross Richard , 2003, Pg.81). Even

Postmodernity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Postmodernity - Essay Example Talk about religion, culture, art and even technology and you are certainly confronted with both fundamentalists and a new wave of thinkers who will normally feel that postmodernism should be the accepted way of life (Anderson 2003). Well, it then begs the analysis of the whole concept of postmodernism to clearly see its true connotation and to draw lines between the term and the conventional modernism. Modernism, contrary to popular knowledge, has been in existence since somewhere in the late 17th or early 18th centuries (Chan, 2008). It is a period that radically transformed all manner of life in science, art, religion, culture etc. The ideas and thoughts propounded by postmodernists are normally subjects of much analysis. This arises out of the true nature of postmodernism. It has normally been seen that postmodernists are driven by that ultimate opposition and antipathy towards modernism. Whatever is conventional in the mindset of the modernist is therefore what the postmodernist seeks to prove wrong and nullify as old and traditional (Deely, 2001). A more recent trend seen is where postmodern fundamentalists have been constantly attacking and questioning some of the most celebrated knowledge in academic and professional realms (Eagleton, 2000). As a very special characteristic, postmodernism fundamentally relies on the voice of reason and the ability to inspire change through the avoidance of the bandwagon effect where humanity simply borrow from their past without much thought or ability to think and analyze what is good for them. With modernism, humanity evidenced the development of the Enlightenment era in which reason was used to establish fundamental truths about the world (Docherty, 2003). These truths have gradually been developed and have guided life for the past few centuries. Well, it has to be realized that postmoderns are normally against such guiding principles. To them, the concepts of morality and ethics, which are normally considered univer sal, are merely subjects of personal and subjective decision. In several instances, it can be seen that postmodernity tries to bridge the gap that is normally left with the flaws of modernism. In a critical perspective, postmodernism is not simply a way of life. On the contrary, the word is simply meant to address a wide range of social, economic, cultural and political changes that have lately inundated the world. It is the modernistic way of life supplemented with modern technology, globalization, individualism, feminism and multiculturalism (Gidders, 1999). On the cultural perspective, the move towards ethnic pluralism and relativism has made people to nostalgically think about their past cultures and what has been lost over time. Indeed much has been lost. On the social scale, the digital age has made the flow of information across the world as easy as possible. This has radically transformed lifestyles across many areas as new ways of life are adopted. Postmodernity encompasses that timeframe between the early 1980s to the present. It is a period that saw the emergence of a new economy-the postindustrial, which effectively replaced the earlier forms of life like aristocracy, working class and middle class (Zygmunt, 2000). Much of this era is however defined by the emergence of

History and Treatment Recommendations of a Substance Abusing Individual Essay Example for Free

History and Treatment Recommendations of a Substance Abusing Individual Essay Chemical Use Assessment/History and Treatment Recommendations Upon careful review of Jay W’s case study, a client who is potentially suffering from a substance abuse disorder, it is deemed necessary to examine his history, compose a chemical use assessment, and devise a recommended treatment plan that will determine his clinical needs. Upon assessing the client, it is vital that he be examined holistically for better recovery results. Considering his spiritual, genetic, and psychosocial conditions will help to ensure a more accurate analysis of his current situation. Only then can it be determined if Jay W is in use, abuse, or an addictive cycle. Reason for Assessment During the case study of Jay W. it is noted that he was referred to my office by his parents for a clinical assessment. Once a commendable student with excellent grades, his grades began to dwindle after reaching college. He eventually failed his first year of college as a result of his poor grades. Jay’s parents Don W. who is a neurosurgeon and his mother Beth W. who is a research scientist, is seeking help for their son because they are concerned that his heavy drinking is the cause of his flunking. They believe that if he does not get help, it could very well damage his future goals of becoming a chemical engineer. Sources of Information During the verbal intake of Jay W.’s case, his father Don W. and his mother Beth W. were present along with Jay W., to provide all of the details of his need for assessment. Secondary sources that has been carefully reviewed and used in making a determination includes, Doweiko, H. E. (2012). Concepts of chemical dependency (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. May, G. G. (1991). Addiction grace: Love and spirituality in the healing of addictions. New York: HarperOne, Clinton, T., Hawkins, R. (2009). The quick-reference  guide to biblical counseling: Personal and emotional issues. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. Hawkins, R. (2009). Theology and Addiction www.libertyuniversity.edu, Clinton, T. (2009). Addiction and Recovery www.libertyuniversity.edu. Background Information Jay W. was born May 2, 1994, to Don and Beth W. The pregnancy was reportedly normal with no complications to the labor and delivery. Jay W. met all his developmental milestones early and was described as an advanced baby. Jay reportedly excelled in school with needing very little effort to maintain a straight-A report card, even in the gifted and talented program. The current school year, he flunked out of his first year in college. His parents are concerned about his drinking and how it appears to be interfering with his aspirations of being a chemical engineer. He states that he does not believe his drinking is the issue with his grades in college. Instead he assumes that boredom is the sole reason that his grades are failing. He also adds that his professors do not really know as much as they think they do. He even admits sometimes he just does not feel like going to class because it is â€Å"dumb.† As stated by his parents, Jay began drinking at the age of 12 years old. He totaled his first vehicle two weeks after his sixteenth birthday. Jay lost his driver’s license at that time and was charged with a DUI. Shortly after, Jay and both of his parents began attending AA together, but Jay dropped out after 3 months. Jay states he stopped going because, â€Å"all they talk about is war stories.† Jay does admit to blackouts, drinking more than he intends to, and does seem to recognize that many of his friends have similar drinking patterns as he. He also reports a recent break up with his girlfriend of 2 years. He states he truly loves this girl, but she broke up with him because â€Å"she doesn’t like my friends.† He reports spending an average of $75 a week on beer, and his money does not always last until the end of the month. He attributes that to his parents not giving him enough money. He states they only give him $1,000 a month. Jay states he is willing to come to counseling but does not think he has a drinking problem, but he would like to figure out how to â€Å"win† his girlfriend back. Current Status Out of reluctance, Jay has decided to proceed with obtaining clinical treatment. He realizes that if he doesn’t, his parents will no longer fund his college tuition. He also admits to currently drinking at least a 12 pack of beer on the weekends. He qualifies his actions by mentioning that his friends assists him with drinking the beer. He also does admit that his weekends sometimes start on Thursdays and don’t end until Mondays. He states that he does not believe his drinking is the issue with his grades in college. He states he just gets bored in classes and his professors do not really know as much as they think they do. He states sometimes he just does not feel like going to class because it is â€Å"dumb.† Jay does admit to blackouts, drinking more than he intends to, and does seem to recognize that many of his friends have similar drinking patterns as he. Indicators of Use/Abuse/Dependency Addiction can manifest in the form of obsessive or compulsive behaviors. Overtime, over indulgence can cause a dependency to obtain more of the physical or chemical substance. Behaviors that can produce fear and/or excitement are factors that can lead to addictive behaviors (Doweiko, 2012). When there is an addiction, usually a manifestation of withdrawal symptoms will be evidenced when the source of addiction is absent. Abuse is usually evidenced when a substance is taken in disregard for directions or one’s well-being (Doweiko, 2012). Attitudes and Behavior After careful review of Jay W.’s objective data found in his case study, it is apparent that Mr. W is in denial about his drinking problem. He appears reluctant to obtain treatment and is nonchalant in his attitude and behavior. He admittingly says he stopped attending AA because, â€Å"all they talk about is war stories.† Upon further subjective analysis, it seems that my client views his drinking with an â€Å"everybody else is doing it mentality.† This is evidenced by his reference to drinking as a â€Å"typical teenage behavior† as well as his assertion that his parents overreacted to his suspended license because he has several friends who has lost theirs also as if it’s a â€Å"normal† thing to do. He also seems to be irresponsible for his actions and constantly shifts blame on others for his current problems. He blames his parents for not giving him enough money instead of focusing on  the fact that he is spending at least 75$ a week on beer. He also shifts the blame of his failing school on the inability of his professors to engage him cognitively and even claims that the classes are â€Å"dumb.† Jay W. appears saddened by the breakup with his girlfriend of 2 years and sincerely wants to â€Å"win† her back. As Dr. Clinton states in Addictions and Recovery â€Å"the tragedy of addiction is that is destroys, individuals, families, and friendships† (2009). Social Functioning Drinking appears to be a social activity for Jay W. he states that his friends assist him with drinking the 12 pack case of beer that he usually buys on the weekend. He also has mentioned that several of his friends have lost their licenses, implying that it is also a result of obtaining DUI’s. Jay goes even further by acknowledging the fact that many of his friends have similar drinking patterns as he does. Apparently his ex-girlfriend of two years had many complaints about the â€Å"bad† company that he was keeping. Jay doesn’t take heed and loses her through a breakup instead. According to Doweiko, the consumption of alcohol can interfere with one’s social relationships by making preexisting one’s worse (2012). This is due to an adverse effect on judgment which causes a lack of control of one’s behavior. Irritability, black outs, and lying are only a few of the manifestations of alcohol addiction. The Psychosocial Models of Substance Use D isorders is another type of model of addiction. It is believed to be closely linked to the medical model (Doweko, 2012). It is proposed that addictions are â€Å"learned behavior, poor psychosocial functioning, or the result of maladaptive thinking† (Doiewko, 2012, p. 345), all in which are manifestations of a biological dysfunction. Occupational Functioning Jay W., although obviously an intelligent guy (evidenced by his excellent grades in the gifted and talented program), has just flunked out of his first year of college. His future career goals are dwindling because of the negative choices that he is making. Booze and negative social relationships have become distractions that steered him off the path of success that he once embarked upon. A repetitive cycle of partying Thursday till Monday and trying to maintain normalcy (crashing is also an option) Tuesday and Wednesday is ongoing. It is possible that he is traveling down the road of  addiction. Those who are bound by abuse can live unfocused and disoriented lives. Over time, this can lead to divorce, job loss, and even the loss of child custody. Although drug abuse may be a one-time event, if one is not careful, the behavior can lead one down the path of addiction as in Jay’s case. It appears that he have a natural proclivity towards abuse and addiction because his father Don also had a drinking problem. Dr. Clinton tells us in the video presentation that some of the effects of addiction includes: â€Å"control problems, compulsiveness, narrowing focus, denial, tolerance and withdrawal† (Clinton, 2009). We see many of these components in Jay’s occupational functioning. Financial Aspects When examining Jay W’s financial condition, it is obvious that he is mismanaging his money. His parents was giving him a 1,000 monthly stipend, and he blew at least $75 per week of it on beer. His excessive spending habits have created a deficit towards necessary items. Instead of accepting responsibility for misappropriating funds, he blames his parents for not giving him enough money. Alcohol abuse often tends to cause make financial problems worse or either create new ones. Sadly, not only the abuser can suffer financially, but oftentimes his or her immediate family suffers as well. This usually occurs when monetary restrictions are placed on the abuser/addict to control his or her spending. This can force the abuser to start borrowing elsewhere, stealing and/or selling others belongings to obtain money so that the addicted habit can be sustained (Doweko, 2012). Familial Relationships The medical model of substance use disorders (SUD) have suggested that the dysfunction have occurred on either a cellular or molecular level and that one is biologically predisposed to alcoholism when he or she is exposed to certain environments (Doweko, 2012). Jay W. has been exposed to alcohol through his father Don who is a neurosurgeon. Jay perhaps saw how he was able to get drunk and yet go to work and carry on a seemingly normal life. Don was described by his wife Beth as a â€Å"functional alcoholic,† displaying heaving drinking patterns and binge drinking when he was not on call. Jay’s parents seems to be very supportive of him though. His father was willing to give up drinking and both he and his wife joined AA along with Jay. Even  when he dropped out after 3 months, they continued going to both AA and Al-Anon. It also appears that Jay W. has a genetic predisposition of alcohol abuse/addiction. Both Beth and Don have fathers that were alcoholics. Various gen es have been identified by researchers and believed to have an influence in predisposing individuals to substance use disorders. Jay W. familial relationship is starting to reveal the beginning stages of strain. He is claiming that they are overreacting and also accuses them of not giving them enough money. Often, family members of an alcohol abuser/addict report feelings of fear, shame, grief or other negative emotion when dealing with him or her (Doweiko, 2012). When the addict is confronted about their drinking behavior, conflict typically arises causing the familial relationship to be strained. Legal History Jay W is starting to have run in’s with the law. According to his parents, he totaled his vehicle two weeks after his 16th birthday. This incident caused the police to get involved. Jay inevitably was charged with a DUI and his driver’s license was revoked. His buddies seem to have frequent encounters with law enforcement. Jay has started to defend his and his friends’ behaviors and suggest that it’s typical. Jay is â€Å"destined to misunderstand the story [he] finds himself in† (Clinton Hawkins, 2009) he has become irrational in his behaviors by accusing his parents of overreacting to his license being revoked. Health History Jay W. seems to have a pretty clean health history. Thus far, no incidents have been reported. When he was born on May 2, 1991 there were no complications to the labor and delivery. He was considered very advanced for his age due to the fact that he had met all his developmental milestones early. Alcoholism can cause both short-term and long-term problems. Some of the short-term manifestations includes diarrhea, poor coordination and judgment, insomnia, as well as stomach problems (Doweiko, 2012). Some of the long-term problems includes: liver problems, cirrhosis of the liver, mental disorders, malnutrition, impotence, among a host of others (Doweiko, 2012). Spiritual History The spiritual model of addiction assumes that addiction is derived from a sickness of one’s spirit that has possibly manifested in a physical manner. It is mankind’s way of searching for something to feel a void and escape pain and or discontentment that can often come with daily living (Doweiko, 2012). It is Jay’s first year in college. It’s possible that he wants to fit in and gain the approval of his peers instead of being a loner. Acceptance and the need to feel â€Å"cool† and included seems to have taken precedent over anything else. It’s how he gains his identity. He gets involved with the wrong group and starts being influenced by their deviant ways. Now, he’s saddened by the fact that his girlfriend has broken up with him. He has also just flunked out of his first year of college. All of these â€Å"rock-bottom† experiences can easily trigger the addiction cycle. It is characterized by: pain, hitting bottom, seeking rel ief, use or do, feeling good, crashing, cycles back to pain, and then tolerance. It is obvious that Jay W. is starting to undergo this cycle of addiction. Alcohol’s deceptive illusion of giving Jay control and euphoria keeps him on the wheel. Diagnostic Impressions From all that has been gleaned from Jay W’s case study, it is safe to say that he is â€Å"at risk† for developing a substance use disorder. He is clearly on his way of having a drinking problem. Although he is displaying early problem alcohol usage if he is not careful, he could very well develop an addictive disorder. While evaluating Jay W to get a better diagnostic impression, it is necessary that I use the Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R) test on the client (Hawkins, 2009). This test is composed of three categories of assessment: 1.) interpersonal or affective defects; 2.) social deviance; and 3.) additional items such as unstable relationships, etc (Hawkins, 2009). The PCL-R Test will provide a better analysis of root causes of the client’s delinquent acts as well as to help identify prevailing risk factors. By identifying these risk factors, intervention strategies can be developed to counteract these risk factors. The following are a list of dynamic risk factors that has been identified and needs addressing: problem solving/impulsivity poor social/family relationships antisocial associates/attitudes alcohol substance abuse Recommendations Based on the risk factors identified, the following recommendations have been made for Jay W.: Problem solving/impulsivity Habitually, Jay W. will be expected to attend group therapy where he will learn to think through decisions before moving impulsively. He will be given various scenarios in which he will have to explain how he should handle those situations appropriately. Role-playing will be a part of his therapy. For example, instead of not going to class because they are â€Å"boring,† he can try to get in more advanced classes if they are available. It could be that he’s bored because he is not being challenged enough. He will be expected to work through all possible options and their consequences before making a decision. Poor social/family relationships Since Jay W. ex-girlfriend seems to be a good influence on him, their relationship should be encouraged. A relationship coach will be provided to assist him with maintaining healthy relationships. Hopefully, if all goes well, he will do what it takes to â€Å"win† her back (hanging around more positive people). Antisocial associates/attitudes Jay W. will have access to a mentor who will confront his antisocial behaviors and attitudes and challenging him to participate in healthy functions and associating with positive people. The mentor will do habitual check-ins with the client and provide one on one time when needed to help him work through his feelings. Alcohol Abuse Frequent alcohol tests will be conducted on the client. If at any point alcohol is found in his system, he will be required to attend an alcohol rehabilitation program. According to Dr. Hawkins, recovery is an inside out issue requiring the Holy Spirit (Hawkins, 2009). In order for Jay W to function optimally, his â€Å"human will must act in concert with divine will.† (May, 1991, p.178). He needs to have a divine encounter with God so that he can know who he is through Christ. In Addiction and Grace it is stated that â€Å"the alignment of our will with God’s must happen at a heart level† (May, 1991, p.178). Jay must first admit that he has a problem and needs help. References Clinton, T. (2009). Addiction and Recovery www.libertyuniversity.edu. Clinton, T., Hawkins, R. (2009). The quick-reference guide to biblical counseling: Personal and emotional issues. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. Doweiko, H. E. (2012). Concepts of chemical dependency (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. Hawkins, R. (2009). Theology and Addiction www.libertyuniversity.edu May, G. G. (1991). Addiction grace: Love and spirituality in the healing of addictions. New York: HarperOne,

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay -- Essays on Anxiety Disorder

Obsessive compulsive disorder is a disease that many people know of, but few people know about. Many people associate repeated washing of hands, or flicking of switches, and even cleanliness with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), however there are many more symptoms, and there are also explanations for those symptoms. In this paper, I will describe what obsessive compulsive disorder is, explain some of the effects of it, and explain why it happens. I will also attempt to prove that while medication doesn’t cure OCD, it vastly improves one’s quality of life. Furthermore I intend to show that behavior therapy (cognitive based therapy) is another useful tool in helping a person to overcome their OCD.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the Obsessive Compulsive Disorder foundation (www.ocfoundation.org), â€Å"OCD is a medical brain disorder that causes problems in information processing.† They compare OCD to a brain hiccup; the brain gets stuck on a certain thought and cannot move forward. The brain is incapable of dealing with thoughts of worry or doubt. This causes many side effects that can clearly distinguish a person as OCD. The text book for Dr. Steinberg’s Brain and Behavior class (that I took last year)spells it out a little clearer. â€Å"Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) consists of two behaviors that occur in the same person, obsessions and compulsions.† (Garrett, 387)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is a form of an anxiety disorder. The WHO classifies OCD as one of the top ten most â€Å"disabling illnesses.† (The Practitioner, 1) The most well known side effects of OCD is the repeated washing of one’s hands. However, there is more to this compulsive hand washing then meets the eye. While it could technically be classified as a need to feel cleansed, it is actually more of a fear of germs or other impurities. The cleansing will proceed until the person is satisfied, which in some cases is never. This is the reason a person with OCD will wash their hands repeatedly. People with OCD also are known to have a fear of unlucky numbers or words, illness or injury (which relates back to the hand washing), uncertainty, thinking bad or harmful thoughts against someone, object symmetry, and many other issues, which to a non OCD person, seem almost miniscule.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How is it possible for people to get OCD? I... ...BBC Interactive (BBCi) Science and Nature:Human Body and Mind, retrieved April 5th, 2004 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/mind/articles/disorders/gallery/gallery_case4.shtml?disorder=4&submit.x=5&submit.y=10 (7)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nangle, Douglas W., O’Grady, April C., Sallinen, Bethany J., Successful Medication Withdrawal Using Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for a Preadolescent with OCD. Journal of Academic Child Adolescence Psychiatry, 43:11, 1441-1444. November 2004. (8)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Multiple Authors, Fluoxetine in Children and Adolescents with OCD: A Placebo Controlled Trial. Journal of Academic Child Adolescence Psychiatry, 41:12, 1431-1438. December 2002. (9)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lippincott/Williams & Wilkins, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry., Retrieved April 2005. (10)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Barrett, Paula, Healy-Farrell, Lara, March, John. Cognitive-Behavioral Family treatment of Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A controlled Trial. Journal of Academic Child Adolescence Psychiatry, 43:1, 46-62. January 2004 (11)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Practitioner, 181-183, March 2002.

Islam, Apostasy and Missions Essay

Sharkey’s Empire and Muslim Conversion: Historical Reflections on Christian Missions in Egypt, Kieser’s Mission as A Factor of Change in Turkey (Nineteenth to first half of Twentieth Century) and Erhan’s Ottoman’s Official Attitude Toward American Missionaries and a chapter from Timothy Marr’s work â€Å"The Cultural Roots of American Islamicism†, are scholarly enterprises that provides a comprehensive details about some historical phenomenon pertaining to Christian Missionaries, Islamic world and American History. All these articles refer to missionaries’ activities in the different geographical region within Islamic world but all these indicate similarities in their social and political orientations, their patterns and procedures and their successes and failures. All the authors have tried to present different aspects of missionary activities in the Islamic world with different approaches of historiography. But mostly all of them have illustrated the Mission’s movements in the Western hemisphere of the Islamic world. Egypt and Ottoman empire during the 19th century and early 20th century with a brief references to other parts of Islamic world (Mostly Sharkey has provided succinct comparisons with Iran, Pakistan and Indonesia etc. ) hither and thither. Their methodology to explore the historical realities, to analyze the issue and to provide judgments remains different. For example, Sharkey like a distinguished historian approaches the question with professional integrity and objectivity and restrains himself from providing sweeping conclusions about the whole scenario that he has analyzed intensively and extensively. He only provides the verified and verifiable arguments in support of his thesis and tries to coverall the aspects of evolution of phenomenon of Mission activity, their triumphs and failures and applies these historical judgments to the contemporary situation and ruling tenet of Clash of Civilization. Whereas Hans-Lucas Kieser arguments lucidly without relying much on primary and secondary sources but sometimes he adopts an authoritative stance over some issue without providing any substantial proof. Although Erhan also mulls over the phenomenon of Missionary activity in the Ottoman Empire but he has considered a specific issue of Ottoman’s official attitudes toward theses Evangelical missions. Other writer like Sharkey and Kieser touch some aspects of Ottoman’s approach and policies toward these missionaries but Erhan discusses these exhaustively along with the diplomatic relations between Ottoman Empire and United States of America in the early 18th century and how these relations affected the American missionaries status in the geographical domain of Ottoman empire. Timothy Marr postulates his theory first and then draws on far-fetched intellectual arguments to support his thesis. He collects all the historical evidences that can support his thesis and arrange them in a way so that they seem converging on a single point i. e. to draw parallels between major tenets of abolitionist spirit with romantic perception of Islamic world. He takes into account the whole Antebellum period. The ultimate purposes of all the articles seem to develop an understanding of the patterns and processes of Evangelical missionaries work in the Muslim world and its implications in the contemporary scenario (except Timothy Marr that analyzes the effect of Ismaicism on antislavery movement in America). Sharkey’s work is of great importance in this regard as its intention is to trace down the roots of Missionary activity in the Anglo-American imperialism and to locate the causes of the origin of post-colonial trend of considering these missionaries as neo-crusaders and proponents of anti-Islamic neo-imperialism by the Muslim masses. Kieser’s article seems to create a justification based on historical facts and figures that Missionaries in the Ottoman empires were â€Å"actors of social and mental change†. He tries to subvert the popular Muslim notion that Christian missionaries were carters of anti-Muslim agenda. Erhan’s â€Å"Ottoman Official Attitudes Toward American Missionaries† give the impression of a complete intellectual exercise to advance some historical findings. All the writers have specified a special period of Evangelical missionary activities in a particular geographical location. Sharkey takes into account the Missionary activities in Egypt but does not bind himself to chronological limits. He covers the colonial and post-colonial eras but pays special attention to the imperialistic moves of Anglo-American nations and their correlation with the missionary activities of the Anglo-American Churches. Kieser consider the activities of ABCFM in the Ottoman Empire especially the Armenian and Assyrian provinces in the 19th century and first half of 20th century. Sharkey, Kieser and Erhan adopts the same argumentative line about the gradual evolution of missionary activity and acknowledged rightfully explained the phenomenon of Missionaries’ premature activities to convert Muslim to the Christianity, their realization of the impossibility of the efforts and diversion to other socio-religious groups and minorities in the same geographical area. Sharkey says that although Ottoman’s political moves of â€Å"liberalism and tolerance† under the Anglo American imperial influence has facilitated the missionary activities but socio-cultural compulsions remained there that hindered the way of missionaries and kept them away from an agenda of conversion. So conversion of majority Muslims was a fruitless effort. So zealous missionaries turned their attention to the Orthodox Christians of the area i. e. to convert native orthodox Coptic Christians to Protestants. Kieser has analyzed the same pattern of diversion among the missionaries of ABCFM (American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions) in Ottoman Empire. He illustrates that â€Å"The first Missionaries of ABCFM learnt early on the impossibility of evangelizing the members of Ottoman ummet†¦Their resistance to conversion was partly due the strong legal an social sanctions against conversions, but not only to that. Like the Jews, for deep historical and psychological reasons, the Muslims remained on the whole impermeable to the enthusiastic approach of the Protestants. † (Kieser, p. 392-393) He further asserts that â€Å"therefore the ABCFM concentrated its work on the Assyrians, Armenians and Greek minorities and kept in contact with Muslim marginals. † (p. 393) Erhan takes a different stance and says that the initials efforts of the American missionary were directed toward Jews living at Palestine (p. 316) but soon realized that Jew were â€Å"tight-knit religious community and thus largely immune to Christian evangelical activities† ( Erhan, p. 315) But he further illustrates that Christian missionaries were diverted to their fellow Christian with Eastern version of Christianity. All these writers have assessed the situation precisely as Quranic injunctions and â€Å"Shariah’s† rulings that consider Islam as the final version of divine religions that encompass the teachings and tenets of Christianity and Judaism. These Islamic doctrines further hold that â€Å"Murtid† i. e. convert, has no place in Islamic society. These injunctions are psychologically and emotionally absorbed in the Muslims minds so the ultimate result of apostasy was social outcast and in some cases death penalty.

Govern safeguarding adults work Essay

Legislations The Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 The Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 aims to prevent unsuitable people from working (either paid or unpaid) with children or vulnerable adult. Employers who work with these people have to be registered according to the act and The Independent Safeguarding Authority decides if people should be barred from working with any vulnerable person. Everyone gets checked before they are able to work with all vulnerable people for instance, a DBS check will be carried out to see if the person has carried out any criminal offences. The Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 The Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 supports the rehabilitation into employment of reformed offenders who have stayed on the right side of the law. All employers require full disclosure of pervious offences. The Police Act 1997 A CRB check is done under a Part V of the Police Act 1997, this protects vulnerable people from harm because employers will then know of any criminal convictions that have been done by particular people. http://www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/gmgr-annexe-c29 The Sexual Offenders Act 1976 The Sexual Offences Act 1976 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It made provision in relation to rape and related offences. This Act put the Sex Offenders Register in action for identification and tracking  purposes. This Act protects vulnerable people from danger, by tracking sex offenders. Care Standards Act 2000 This Act set the national minimum standards to protect the vulnerable, the standards include accommodation, services and good working practice. This Act established the Protection Of Vulnerable Adults (POVA) scheme, this scheme helps protect vulnerable adults from abuse. People who are working with vulnerable adults have to go through POVA training, I have done so myself through volunteering. The training makes you more aware of different types of abuse, people that are abused and the abuser, and how this is identified. Care Homes for Older People- National Minimum Standards and Care Homes Regulations 2003 This regulation identifies the levels of care that vulnerable adults need in care homes. There are points in this regulation that all older people in care homes should always receive the standards that are set for example, having a choice of what they would like to eat for dinner. Mental Health Act 1983 This Act is to protect those vulnerable people who suffer with a mental illness and others that are caring for them. There are procedures to ensure that there rights are protected and not being abused. The Act also allows compulsory treatment for those with a mental illness. Mental Capacity Act 2005 This Act allows to help vulnerable people who cant make decisions for themselves because they lack the mental capacity, this is done by them having an advocate. It is established by The Independent Mental Capacity Advocates Service. Disability Discrimination Act 1995 People who have a disability are treated equally to those without, this should be done in any work place. This act not only covers physical disabilities but mental as well. The Act has an aim which is, ending discrimination that individuals face with a disability. People who have a disability now have the rights to many things including, employment, education access to goods, facilities and services and buying or renting land or property. http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/the-disability-discrimination-act-dda Race Relations Act 1976 The Race Relations Act is to protect people from discrimination, this includes a persons race, colour, nationality, ethnic origin. People should be treated equally and fairly no matter what race or colour they are. Human Rights Act 1998 Vulnerable people have the right to be treated correctly and cared for effectively due to the Human Rights Act 1998. This act gives every person the power to challenge perceived discrimination by any public body. Data Protection Act 1998 The Data protection Act is essential to follow in a health and social care setting, all personal details from an individual are to be kept safe and only seen by the people who care for them. Information will only be disclosed if there is a potential that a person is in danger. It is very important that every health care setting for vulnerable adults has strategies and procedures that reduce the risk of abuse, if this was not done effectively then individuals may be in danger. Recruitment of staff- The health care system is always recruiting new staff due to more and more people using the system every day, more elderly are getting ill and leaving their homes to go into a residential care home. Every person who employs a new member of staff has to make sure that they are save to work with the elderly as they are very vulnerable. The adults who are barred from working with the vulnerable are identified on the Adults Barred List. The list subdivides these people into two different categories which are, people who are automatically barred because they are a ‘risk of threat’ and people who offer a ‘very probable risk of harm’. The process of the Adults Barred list gathers information for many places including, the Criminal Records Bureau (CRB) , Health and Social services and employers. A CRB check is done before someone is employed, personal information is written down about a person and  then it is sent off to be checked by the police to see if they have any criminal convictions. Staff who work with the vulnerable have to register under the Vetting and Barring Scheme since July 2010. Sector guidance- Guidance is given to employers to reduce the risk of abuse in the environment they are working in. Two acts are included in this guidance and they are Dignity in Care Initiative 2006 and Human Rights in Healthcare. The Human Rights has a framework which assists local NHS Trusts to apply human rights approaches for the people using the services. FREDA values are focused on, Fairness, Respect, Equality, Dignity and Autonomy. Dignity and Care Initiative campaigns to end toleration of indignity in health care. Organisational policies- Every organisation must have policies and guidelines on expected behaviour from staff, this is done when an organisation develops there own policies from the guidelines that they have been provided with. Policies enable people who are using the services to know what is acceptable and unacceptable with their own care. Codes of practice- Codes of practice enables professionals to work effectively at high standards, respect and minimise risk to people that are in their care. Many care systems produce codes of conduct including The Nursing and Midwifery Council, nurses and midwives have to abide by these codes and put them into their practice to be able to care after individuals at the right standard. Multi-agency working and Closer working between professionals within organisations – Multi-agency working is when all different teams come together to care and meet needs for a person as a whole, an example of professional bodies working together would be, doctors, care workers, nurses, social workers etc. The support planning and single assessment has encouraged greater inter-agency cooperation. Working like this encourages sharing of an individuals information and together they can all look after that person very effectively. This has not been put into place with some agencies and in this situation an individual would not be taking care of  properly because of this, this could lead to harm with elderly people. The government has guidance on multi-agency working and this is a paper called ‘No Secrets’. Beryl Strecth (2010). Health and Social Care . Essex: Pearson Education. Close working between professionals and organisations enables better communication about the people involved. This could be done in staff meetings, team meetings etc. In care homes they have daily logs about individuals who they care for, this ensures that when a new member of staff is working they know for instance what they have ate that day and what sort of care they have provided for them. This can also detect a residents behaviour for example, if they act differently when certain members of staff are on shift. Working in partnership with adults using services- When agencies work in partnership with the adults, families or informal carers it makes them more confident about the situation, when confident they will be more likely to talk about there worries and people can then help them build their self-esteem back up. Decision-making processes and forums- Decision making is essential when looking after a vulnerable adult, when it is kept transparent and clear then everyone knows what is happening. Monthly meeting of residents in a care home encourages ideas that can be shared between one another, this will make people more confident at speaking out. Organisational policies and staff training- The role of the Care Quality Commission- Whistle blowing- Whistle blowing is when someone who is working in a care setting reports suspected wrongdoing in the work place. This is called ‘making a disclosure in the public interest’. Some things that may be reported include, someone’s health and safety is in danger, damage to the environment, a criminal offence, the company isn’t obeying the law (like not having the right insurance) and covering up wrongdoing. https://www.gov.uk/whistleblowing/overview There is a chance that any individual will have to ‘whistle blow’ while working in a care setting, if the person thinks that what they have witnessed is ‘wrong’. A form has to be filled out by the person who has allegedly seen wrong doing and then it is sent off to get assessed and monitored for rooms of improvement. Complaint procedures- Complaint procedures will be in every care setting, this is important to protect vulnerable adults from harm or abuse and for them to have the best care possible. People are encouraged to use complaint procedures. Complaint services are there to improve the quality and life of the individuals in there care, but it is important that elderly people feel safe if there are going to complain about the care they are being given and not victimised.

Stereotypes of the Elderly essays

Stereotypes of the Elderly essays The baby boomers cohort is soon approaching the last third of their lives while they try to disentangle the many stereotypes the elderly encounters today. The baby boomers are now beginning to attain a new vantage point about getting old. This is the first approaching age cohort in American society that is trying to make a difference with being able to accept the concept of growing old as the true so-called "golden years." The baby boom generation grew up primarily in the hippies decade which contributed to the vast majority of people to first become in American society freewill, liberal, independent individuals. Presently in society today the once "hippies" that rejected the advice of anyone over 30 are now beginning to educate themselves about what their future beholds as they begin to reach the last third of their lives. They want to focus on the reality of getting old not just the negative stereotypes society has created towards the elderly. In the American society we have created such negativism towards the elderly. The article points out that by time the tender age of only 6 years old we have created negative stereotypes about aging and we also develop stereotypes about races and gender at this same time. We feel in the American society almost as if it is a sin or even lack of a human being if we show signs of aging. The article discusses from the 1960s to the 1980s, the number of wrinkle removing face-lifts rose from 60,000 to an estimated 2 million a year at an annual cost of $10 billion. Due to this drastic increase pertaining to rejuvenation we should all become plastic surgeons. A diverse amount of experts are trying to change the way society views and deals with growing old. They have adopted the concept of "conscious aging." This new concept basically means trying to accept what aging actually is, and trying to view it as a new point of life- a "new window." Also, not concentrating on the inevitabl ...

One Fell Swoop

One Fell Swoop One Fell Swoop One Fell Swoop By Simon Kewin Its quite common for people to use the phrase one fowl swoop (or even one foul swoop) when they want to convey the idea of an event taking place all at once and very suddenly. But why do we say this? Is the phrase something to do with birds swooping to the ground in a great rush? In fact the phrase does have some connection to birds but both one fowl swoop and one foul swoop are incorrect. The original phrase is actually one fell swoop. The phrase is an old one. It may have been coined by Shakespeare in 1605, or he may merely have popularised it. In any case, the following lines can be found in Macbeth (Act 4, scene 3). Macduff has just heard that his family have been killed: All my pretty ones? Did you say all?- O hell-kite!- All? What, all my pretty chickens, and their dam, At one fell swoop? So Shakespeare does employ the image of a bird of prey, a hell-kite, swooping to the ground to kill all his pretty chickens. But the word he uses is fell. This, of course, is still a common word, but Shakespeare is using a rather obscure sense of that word, meaning of terrible evil or ferocity. Its source is the same as felon, a wicked person. So, â€Å"one fell swoop† originally meant a sudden, ferocious attack, although the sense of savagery in the phrase has been lost over the years and people now use it to mean, simply, all at once. Footnote : the dive of a bird of prey is more accurately referred to as a stoop rather than a swoop as in, for example, â€Å"the peregrine falcon can reach speeds of over 200 mph in a stoop†. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowRunning Amok or Running Amuck?Shore It Up

Effects of Defendant Age on Severity of Punishment Essay

Effects of Defendant Age on Severity of Punishment - Essay Example Besides, the evil that could be prevented, we (and the hard-working farmer, too) should also consider the fact that one person earned the food, through hard work. And while it might be the case that just desert is outweighed by the greater need of a neighbor, being outweighed is in any case not the same as weighing nothing. (Glenn D. Walters, 1992). Sometimes just desert can be negative in the sense of unwanted, as well as something regarded as a good. The fact that the Nazi war criminals did what they did means they deserve punishment: We have a good reason to send them to jail, on the basis of just desert. Other considerations, for example, the fact that nobody will be deterred or that the criminal is old and harmless, may weigh against punishment, and we may even decide not to pursue the case for that reason. But, again, that does not mean that deserving to be punished is irrelevant, just that we've decided for other reasons to ignore desert in this case. But again: A principle's being outweighed is not the same as its having no importance. (Paul J. Hofer, Mark H. Allenbaugh, 2003). Our social moral code thus honors both the greater moral evil principle and entitlements. The former emphasizes equality, claiming that from an objective point of view all comparable suffering, whomever its victim, is equally significant.

Investment report for Apple company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Investment report for Apple company - Case Study Example Apple Inc. was founded by Steve Jobs in 1984. The innovative new computer brand that Apple released in 1984 was the Macintouch. Today Macintouch computers are consider top quality and best performing computers in the world. â€Å"The Company designs, manufactures, and markets mobile communication and media devices, personal computers, and portable digital music players, and sells a variety of related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications† (Investorapple, 2013) The CEO of the company is Timothy Cook. Apple has 80,300 employees. Its stocks are traded in the NASDAQ under the symbol AAPL and are currently priced at $531.17 (Nasdaq, 2014). The company has always pride itself in being innovative. In 2007 Apple revolutionized the cellular industry with the invention of the first smartphone in the world, the iPhone. In 2013 one billion smartphones were sold worldwide (Plunkettresearchonline, 2014). The organization supp orts the environment through the Apple recycling program. The organization also powers all its data centers using renewable energy (Apple, 2014). A horizontal analysis is an analytic tool that shows the changes in the accounts of the common size financial statements from year to year. The differences are shown in terms of dollar amounts and percentage. Apple’s horizontal analysis for fiscal years 2013 and 2012 is illustrated below. The total liabilities of Apple in 2013 increased by 44.24%, while its current liabilities rose by 13.27%. An increase in liability is an undesirable outcome. In 2013 Apple’s total revenues were $170.91 billion. The firm experienced a sales growth of 9.20%. Apple had a net income of $37.04 billion. The net income of the organization decreased by 11.25% mainly due to the fact that its cost of goods sold went up by 21.36% and its selling, general, and administrative expenses rose by 7.87%. The

Personal Identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Identity - Essay Example In addition, his memories and believes remain unchanged. According to Schmid (2), the resultant person is a convection referring to bundle of mental states and events hence resembling the original person from whom the brain was removed. This can be tested by evaluating the persons memory after the procedure. Thus, person A is the same as person B if and only if A can remember having an experience of B. The procedure done on Gretchen Weirob revealed that a person’s identity does not change if his brain is replaced with a duplicate one. The person’s looks, character, personality, beliefs, habits, desires, and skills remain the same. Therefore, from the success of the procedure done on other people, the results will not be different with me; I will remain the same person as long as my brain is replaced with a duplicate of my own brain. Considering Brain view theory, if I was to undergo brain rejuvenation, I will wake up the same person I was before the procedure. My resultant person will resemble the original person since our brains will be identical. I will be numerically identical to the person I was as long as I do not get another person’s brain. This includes having all the spheres in the new brain identical to the original ones. However, this theory is insufficient and needs to be used in combination with the psychological bundle view theory. This theory compares relationship in the conscious states of a person at different times. For example in my case, my conscious states after the procedure will be appropriately related to what I have now. I will be remembering the same things, relating events to the right experiences thus making the resultant person the same as the original one as defined by the memory proposal theory. If the process is undertaken as required, survival is guaranteed. The brain, which will be place in my skull to replace my current one, will be a complete duplicate. This will enable it

The Health Needs Assessment

The Health Needs Assessment This assignment is a quasi-report on a health need assessment (HNA) which is being prepared, as part of this module summative assessment, in order to gather information on the basis of designing and implementing a programme, on a limited scale, of health and health care acceptable, accessible and identified in Southwark based on evidence of cost-effectiveness and is beneficial to the needs of this practice area. The aim of the report is to demonstrate a critical understanding of HNA and HNA policy at the community level. The use of local and national data in identifying health met and unmet needs by demonstrating an understanding the handling and interpreting local and national data. Using policies context of increasing exclusive breastfeed and using the right evidenced based intervention by emphasising on the advantages of increasing exclusive breastfeeding to infants up to six months old. The intervention of increasing exclusive breastfeeding is through the introduction of fathers as an initiative will be discussed in depth. In order to succinctly focus the critical analysis of the assignment the Hooper Longworth (1998) five steps theory of HNA will be used. Step 1) Getting started Step 2) Identifying the Health Priorities for the Population Step 3) Assessing the Health Priority Step 4) Planning for Health Step 5) Evaluation As stated above this is a limited assignment therefore not all the steps will be used. Health Needs Assessment (HNA) Definition Health Development Agency (HDA) (2004) define HNA as a way of identifying the health needs and inequalities being experienced by a specific population groups in Southwark and identifying their priorities for professional and service development to improve the health of that target population or individuals to reduce health inequalities. The HNA assist the HVs in identifying the wider determinant of health of the population and appropriate intervention put in place to meet that needs. Needs or who will be benefiting from the intended intervention must be identified and it must be cost-effective. Bradshaw (1994) identified four different needs which is termed the Taxonomy of Needs it is Felt needs what the individuals want, expressed needs what is demanded, normative which consists of both the met and unmet needs, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In this report the normative needs will underpin the HNA as both the met and unmet needs are going to be identify. Marmot (2003) suggests it is important for people to be in control of their lives and exercise autonomy instead of them being told what they have to do; this is a way of tackling health inequalities (DH 2003). It is Government national priority as resources were allocated to it. HV should make time to find their priorities and preferences and working with their community to achieve their goals. This is a way to achieve health equality and built social capital. Social capital is the way that HV could work with mothers and fathers in improving community relationships and trust which has a direct and positive effect on increasing breastfeeding continuation up to six months. Research indicates that peer education by lay people is sometimes more important than getting information by experts who are coming from a level of power. HMSO (2012) Healthy Lives Healthy People White Paper is an overarching document responding to Marmot Review Fair Society Healthy Live (Marmot 2010) is providing a framework in tackling the wider social determinant of health and health inequalities. It aims to build peoples self-esteem, confidence and resilience right from conception and into older age with stronger support for early years. It is underpin by the White Paper Liberating the NHS (DH 2010) providing the framework in commissioning services that has an impact on the health of the most needy in the community thereby helping in reducing health inequalities. Demography of Southwark Health inequality is defined as providing equal health to all across the different boundaries (reference). Southwark in a central London borough and is ranked 12th as the most deprived London Borough and 41st most deprived in England according to the Index of Multiple Deprivation in 2010 (reference). Pocket of extreme deprivation are concentrated in the centre of the borough. Data from the Charity Shelter UK (2012) reveal that Southwark are among the most vulnerable London Boroughs with 1 in 46 households are at risk of losing their homes. According to the 2010 census (NAO 2012) it has a diverse multicultural, multilingual and multi-ethnic population and 51% of the Southwark population is from the British minority ethnic (BME) group. This is a challenge In Southwark 4.1% compared to 3.1% in London of the households are homelessness and one is four households are overcrowded living in overcrowding homes (Shelter 2005) putting extra pressure and stress on families relations. However, the coalition government has recognised the overburden on the housing stock and in the process of funding new home building across England (). This will not relieve the housing situation in the sort term. children living in poverty 16986 (32.3%) (21.9% England and 29.7% London average) First time entrant to young justice 402 (0.7% or 4.8%) (Eng. 57291; London 8349) 16-18 NEET 330 (4.37%) (4.50% London 6.13% England) homelessness 510 (4.11%) (London 3.14%; England 2.03%) 4136 (90.56%) babies initiated breastfeeding after birth compared with 74.08% in England and 87.06% in London. 3446 (75.69%) breastfeed until six to eight weeks compare with England 47.02%; London 67.32%. Smoking status at time of delivery 202 (4.38) compare with England 13.19%; London 6.02% Under 18 years old conception 679 (61.5%) compare with 38.1% and 40.9% Infant mortality 79 (5.3%) England 4.6% and London 4.5% compared to England, 49 percent of the population is white British descent. The largest minority ethnic groups are Black African and Black Caribbean. Southwark has a young population. Overall the health profile of Southwark population is poor. Deprivation, crime, teenage pregnancy, and children living in poverty rates are higher than England average (Reference). Rationale The rationale is to identify the role of fathers in motivating and promoting their partners to breastfeed their babies as part of public health initiative thereby reducing health inequalities for both mother and infant. Furthermore, it will explore the health benefit of breastfeeding and the potential health risks factors to babies and mothers if exclusive breastfeeding is discontinued after six to eight weeks postpartum. Evidence has shown that exclusive breastfeeding infants until they are six months old greatly reduce childhood obesity and prevent them from acquiring other health problems when they are adults. Reducing smoking and increasing life expectancy are among Southwark health priorities together with the reduction of children obesity (Reference). In order to reduce childhood obesity research has shown that mothers should be highly encouraged to exclusively breastfeed their babies up to six months () and fathers are well-placed to encourage mothers whilst breastfeeding (). This underlines the reason Breastfeeding is among one of the Southwark health priorities as it an important factor in the reduction of child obesity. Such as reducing smoking and increasing life expectancy most importantly is the reduction of child obesity. Research has shown that breastfeeding up to six months is an important intervention to reduce children obesity. The rationale Data In 2010 there were 5131 live births, the highest birth rate in London, out of which 226 were young mothers under the age of 18 years old (National Office of Statistics (NAO) (2011) and Department of Health (2012) Links bf rates and health inequality The breastfeeding initiation rate was 73.9percent in 2012/13 Quarter 2, which is just less than the annual percentage for 2011/12 (74.1percent) and slightly higher than 2010/11 (73.7percent). The prevalence of breastfeeding at six to eight weeks 92% of mothers in Southwark initiate breastfeeding postpartum until 6-8 weeks. 1 in 4 mothers breastfed their babies 6 months, the remainder either revert to mixed feeding or exclusively formulae-feeding. decrease by 66% thereby coming down to a ration of 1 in 4 babies are breastfed by 6 months and over (Bolling et al 2007; NICE 2008). Initiation and duration rates of any breastfeeding rates are lowest among families from lower socio-economic groups, adding inequalities in health and continuing to the perpetration of the cycle of deprivation. BF rates are low in the UK for several generations, and professionals, childbearing women, families and the public at large have all been exposed to formula feeding as the norm. This is one of the reasons that mothers are encouraged by the midwives and HVs to continuously breastfeed their babies until six months and up to two years. It seems that most mothers discontinue breastfeeding their babies after six to eight weeks reverting to formula feeding which is classified as health inequalities. The intervention by fathers is important motivators in supporting mothers to increase breastfeeding rates up to six months thereby prevent health inequalities. The 2012 data in England, London and Southwark on initiation and continuation of mothers breastfeeding from two hours to six to eight weeks postpartum identified a slight increase from 76% in (year) to over 90% in 2013. The discontinuation of breastfeeding after six to eight weeks is as a result of either mothers are returning to work, feeling pain at breastfeeding or lack of family support. Fathers involvement by midwives and Health Visitors (HVs) from antenatal is an important intervention in supporting their partners to breastfed their babies until six months postpartum. The drive placed on mothers by midwives and Health Visitors (HVs) to continuously breastfeed are underpinned by International, National and local policies The determination placed on mothers by the Government and Health Visitors (HVs) to exclusively and continuously breastfeed their babies until six months postpartum is an important and effective measure that can protect their health and that of their babies with specific contributions and motivations from babies biological fathers. Healthy Child Programme (HCP) (2009) recommends that fathers are involved However, the HCP has conflicting information from the UK government which flexibly recommends formula or mixed feeding could be introduced after four months (17 weeks) however with the caveat it should be delayed until six months. This is giving conflicting information to both the mothers and Health Visitors (HVs) who tends to follow the UNICEF BFI UK guidelines. Risk Factors Ip and colleagues (2010) conducted a systematic review of the evidence on the effects of breastfeeding on short- and long-tem infant and maternal health and suggested that breastfeeding reduces the risk of diarrhoea and chest infection; atopic dermatitis and asthma; obesity and type I and type II diabetes (Sherburns-Hawkins et al. 2008); childhood leukemia; sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and necrotising enterocolitis. According to Breastfeeding also confers benefits on the mother by regulating fertility (WHO 2010) Employment, housing and income are primary determinants of health and health inequalities4. They affect individuals, families and society both directly or indirectly through wider social and economic factors, e.g. child poverty, educational attainment of children, social isolation, etc. London is arguably disproportionately affected by employment, housing and income as determinants of health due to demographics, higher living costs and the nature of its housing and employment markets Reference Lists Custworth L. Bradshaw J. (2007) A comparison of policies to enhance child well-being. Special Policy Research Unit, University of York. Hooper, J. and Longworth, P. (1998) Health Needs Assessment in Primary Health Care. Huddersfield: Calderdale and Kirklees Health Authority. Downloaded on the 23rd November 2012 www.geocities.com/HotSprings/4202/ hnawrk.html Shelter UK (2005) Full house? How overcrowded housing affects families. Downloaded on the 24th December 2012 http://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/66400/Full_house_reportL.pdf Stevens A. Gilliam S. (1998) Needs assessment from theory to practice. British Medical Journal 316, 440-444. Tate A., Lloyd T., Sankey S., Carlyon T., Marshall G., Jefferys P., Williamson K and Chung S. (2012) The housing report 2012: The coalition midterm review. Shelter, London. DH (2007) Implementation plans for reducing health inequalities in infant mortality: a good practice. The Stationery Office, London. DH (2003) Infant feeding recommendation. The Stationery Office, London. www.chimat.org.uk. www.ic.nhs.uk/pubs/ifs2005 www.london.nhs.uk/publications/tools-and-resources/pct-perfromance-quick-guides