Effects of Fast Foods on Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Effects of Fast Foods on Obesity - Essay Example ave detrimental effects on the health status of the affected people such as a reduced life expectancy and a possible worsening of other medical problems (Pereira et.al 2005). Scientifically, a person is considered to be obese when their body mass index (BMI) which is the calculation of the body mass for every unit of squared height is above 30kg/m2. Specifically, studies and research conducted have shown that obesity increases the chances of diseases such as heart diseases, diabetes, and osteoarthritis and can sometimes lead to other types of cancer. As pertains to the serious and recurrent question as to what causes obesity, there has not been a specific answer. Obesity in individuals is as a result of a combination of factors which directly lead to or facilitate the intensity of the condition. The major factors attributed to the cause of diabetes include diet, genetics, social factors, lifestyle and medical illnesses. However the recent spurts in the rates of individuals developing the condition have been specifically attributed to the combination of high food intake and little to no physical activity of any kind. The cases that result out of the other factors such as medical illnesses and genetics are considered to be minimal. The focus of this paper hence would be on the effect that dietary measures and habits have on obesity, particularly the fast food industry. While genetic and other influences have played a major role in trying to explain and understand obesity, they have not been able to explain the current sporadic increase in the number of obese individuals within the particular countries or on a global scale (Chopra, Galbraith & Darnton-Hill, 2002). Although it has generally been accepted that excessive food consumption has led to obesity on an individual level, the reason for changes on these two factors on a societal and global scale has been subject to much debate. Various theories have been postulated that suggest that the dramatic increase in

The changing of cool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The changing of cool - Essay Example To be intelligent and creative is cool and does have to be a huge thing, it could just be intelligent and creative to your own life, career or anything. It’s now the time that one becomes the cool maker in other words 'The Merchants of cool', such as Mark Zuckerberg who is the creator of Facebook, Steve Jobs who is the creator of Apple or Marc Jacobs etc. It is now the time to change the cool and the mentality of people especially teenagers so that we can have new people like Steve Jobs and Zuckerberg rising; now this is going to be cool in real essence. Due to this ‘being cool’ phenomenon most teenagers are actually losing their individuality to compete with the ever growing modernism and coolness. As Fromm said, if men and women discovered to take up their own conscious selves, completely and freely then they would discover that they are no more alone: they would have themselves for organization. Once one has organization one can experience harmless or benign to ward others. For Fromm, it was the only answer to the problem of the alienated people in regards to today's modernism. The only factor which can preserve mankind right now from its own soul destroying solitude is a person's capability to occupy what is known as the "authentic" self. If you obtain authenticity, you would be compensated with the inner serenity which is necessary to become a free agent. We are now residing in a place where â€Å"economic, public and governmental circumstances do not provide a foundation for the understanding of personality.† So now if we need our authenticity and individuality back we need to work on it ourselves. Intellectuals have said that they just had one thing which is consumerism. The desire of life goods—escapist conformism—would etherize the unrealized starvation for a authentic self. (Boston Review 2013) As discussed earlier, we should look into what the 'makers of cool' do and how they do that which makes the youth of to day so crazy that for them 'being cool' is the top most thing. So frontline did a survey on 'The merchants of cool' , the makers and suppliers of well-known modern lifestyle are the people who have actually made the young people the most well-known customer market in the United States. But the question arises that are these people simply showing teenager wishes or have they started to produce those wishes themselves in a bid to protect this profitable market? And have these people cross the line in their effort to achieve the wishes and money of the youth? Douglass Rushkoff, the frontline reporter, investigates the tactics, methods, and public consequences of these promotion moguls in "The Merchants of cool" survey made by Barak Goodman and Rachel Dretzin, the programs talks with all the top marketers, press professionals and cultural/media experts, and examines the union connection between the press and contemporary young people, because in a way each looks to the other for its ide ntification. Teenagers are the most sought after customers in the market. In a year, The United Sate's young people invested about 100 billion dollars, while influencing their parents’ to invest another 50 billion dollars. But it is not that easy as it

Political Development and Economical Strength in the Country Research Paper

Political Development and Economical Strength in the Country - Research Paper Example A developed and politically stable country like the United States developed a system of government in a way that would guarantee that no individual or personal component could dominate the system ever. This saves the country from so many problems, these problems usually occurs when an individual tries to strengthen his powers and tries to push the democracy at a side this is the main reason for political instability of the country, which leads to the political and economic stagnation. In the United States, a strict and great system of check and balance was implemented and the authorities make sure that everything in the system is transparent and this transparency is the key to a good democratic system. A country like Nepal, it is very hard to have a politically stable country. Though there is democracy in the country still it is not at that level where it should be. The king is likely to implement a tightly centralized autocracy system but people want to have a democratic system. The most powerful entity in the country is the army and the king is enjoying the full support of the army. This is the cause of the disappointment among the members of the civil society, including the political parties and political organizations their activities are suspended and their morale is down. With the support of the army, the king is enjoying his power and is in no mood to give people their basic right that is a democracy, which means the power to choose the people of their own choice and to suspend them if they don’t like their performance.

The changing of cool Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The changing of cool - Essay Example To be intelligent and creative is cool and does have to be a huge thing, it could just be intelligent and creative to your own life, career or anything. It’s now the time that one becomes the cool maker in other words 'The Merchants of cool', such as Mark Zuckerberg who is the creator of Facebook, Steve Jobs who is the creator of Apple or Marc Jacobs etc. It is now the time to change the cool and the mentality of people especially teenagers so that we can have new people like Steve Jobs and Zuckerberg rising; now this is going to be cool in real essence. Due to this ‘being cool’ phenomenon most teenagers are actually losing their individuality to compete with the ever growing modernism and coolness. As Fromm said, if men and women discovered to take up their own conscious selves, completely and freely then they would discover that they are no more alone: they would have themselves for organization. Once one has organization one can experience harmless or benign to ward others. For Fromm, it was the only answer to the problem of the alienated people in regards to today's modernism. The only factor which can preserve mankind right now from its own soul destroying solitude is a person's capability to occupy what is known as the "authentic" self. If you obtain authenticity, you would be compensated with the inner serenity which is necessary to become a free agent. We are now residing in a place where â€Å"economic, public and governmental circumstances do not provide a foundation for the understanding of personality.† So now if we need our authenticity and individuality back we need to work on it ourselves. Intellectuals have said that they just had one thing which is consumerism. The desire of life goods—escapist conformism—would etherize the unrealized starvation for a authentic self. (Boston Review 2013) As discussed earlier, we should look into what the 'makers of cool' do and how they do that which makes the youth of to day so crazy that for them 'being cool' is the top most thing. So frontline did a survey on 'The merchants of cool' , the makers and suppliers of well-known modern lifestyle are the people who have actually made the young people the most well-known customer market in the United States. But the question arises that are these people simply showing teenager wishes or have they started to produce those wishes themselves in a bid to protect this profitable market? And have these people cross the line in their effort to achieve the wishes and money of the youth? Douglass Rushkoff, the frontline reporter, investigates the tactics, methods, and public consequences of these promotion moguls in "The Merchants of cool" survey made by Barak Goodman and Rachel Dretzin, the programs talks with all the top marketers, press professionals and cultural/media experts, and examines the union connection between the press and contemporary young people, because in a way each looks to the other for its ide ntification. Teenagers are the most sought after customers in the market. In a year, The United Sate's young people invested about 100 billion dollars, while influencing their parents’ to invest another 50 billion dollars. But it is not that easy as it

Financial Ratios Analysis of IBM 2005-2006 Case Study

Financial Ratios Analysis of IBM 2005-2006 - Case Study Example There was also an inverse increase in current liability of $4,939 ($40,091 - $35,152 million) which adversely affected the company’s liquidity ratio. This decline also reflected in acid test ratio or the ability to settle obligation immediately as it also declined by 13.492. 2. Leverage ratios analysis a. Debt to-total-assets ratio (Total liabilities/total assets) 2005 2006 % of change Total debt $22,682 $22,641 Total assets 105,748 103,234 Ratio .687 .724 5.386 b. Debt-to-equity ratio 2005 2006 % of change Total debt $22,682 $22,641 Total equity 28,506 33,098 Ratio 2.195 2.621 19.40 c. Long-term debt-to-equity ratio 2005 2006 % of change Long-term debt 15,425 $13,780 Total equity 28,506 33,098 Ratio .466 .483 3.648 d. ... Changes in liability decreased minimally but still, the increase in total assets helped drive debt to asset ratio up by 5.386 %. Since debt was almost constant in 2006, debt to equity ratio significantly went up when IBM registered a profit in the previous year, where portions of the net gain were retained as equity. 3. Activity ratio analysis a. Inventory turnover 2005 2006 % of change Net Sales 91,134 91,424 Inventory 2841 2840 Ratio 32.07 32.53 .01 b. Fixed assets turnover 2005 2006 % of change Net Sales 91,340 91,424 Net fixed assets 60,087 58,574 Ratio 1.517 1.561 2.900 c. Total assets turnover 2005 2006 % of change Net Sales $91,340 $91,424 Total Assets 105,748 103,234 Ratio .862 .886 2.784 d. Average collection period Payment terms for inventory and accounts receivable financing generally range from 30 to 90 days (IBM, 2006 pg. 79). With regard to activity ratios, IBM did a good job of maintaining its level of inventory to 2841-2840 million despite the increase in sales in 200 6 ($91,424 million). It only meant that IBM has a very good internal control and monitoring of its inventory. In sum, the activity ratio of IBM increased by 2.784 % which can be mainly attributed to its ability to maintain its inventory despite the increase in sales. With regard to collection period, IBM adopts â€Å"Payment terms for inventory and accounts receivable financing generally range from 30 to 90 days† (IBM, 2006 pg. 79). 4. Profitability ratio analysis a. Gross profit margin 2005 2006 % of change Gross profit margin 36,532 38,295 Net Sales 91,134 91,424 Ratio .401 .419 4.488 b. Operating profit margin Operating profit margin 0.134 0.146 0.012 8.95522388% c. Net profit margin ratio 2005 2006 % of change Net profit after tax 79,940 94,920 Net Sales 91,340

Problem Statement Scope And Limitation Engineering Essay

Problem Statement Scope And Limitation Engineering Essay In this research ZnO thin film will be doped with aluminium using sol-gel spin-coating method. Then the Al-doped ZnO thin film (as seed catalyst) on a glass substrate will be then layered bottom of an aligned ZnO nanorod structure which was prepared using sonicated sol-gel immersion technique. The nanorod thin film parameters will be characterizing through its I-V curve characteristics and also the optical and absorbance of aligned ZnO nanorod thin film. INTRODUCTION 1.2.1 Background study UV sensor or stands for ultraviolet sensor are important devices that can be used in commercial and military applications. The applications are including gas sensing, space research, high temperature flame detection, air quality monitoring and many more. UV detectors currently used silicon-based detectors and photomultiplier tubes. These materials require costly filters and attenuators. However by replacing those technologies with wide band-gap semiconductors such as zinc oxide (ZnO) have been suggested [1]. UV light emitting or receiving devices, solar cells, gas sensor and transparent electrodes are some of the zinc oxide applications. Various deposition methods such as chemical vapor deposition, sputtering and molecular beam epitaxy were used to fabricate ZnO thin films. However, these deposition methods are high production cost because required high temperature processing and vacuum technology [2]. In this paper, the purpose of this research is to fabricate ultraviolet sensor using zinc oxide thin film and characterize the sensor performances by its electrical properties. Furthermore, this research is to characterize aluminum doping concentration and the nanostructure of zinc oxide thin film. In this research, sol-gel spin coating method was used to prepare Al doped zinc oxide thin film and an aligned ZnO nanorod structured thin films on a glass substrate by the sonicated sol-gel immersion method. 1.2.2 Literature Review ZnO is an n-type semiconductor with a direct band gap of 3.42eV and because of the oxygen vacancies and intrinsic defects such as interstitial zinc atoms, the electrical conductivity of the films is large [3]. It is very good material for electronic device application due to its wide band gap and large exciton binding energy of 60meV [4]. The properties of ZnO thin film can be improve by a doping process and annealing process [3]. There are that focus on the doping process. To improved electrical or optical properties of ZnO, ZnO were frequently doped with group 3, 4 and 5 elements such as Gallium (Ga), Sn and Aluminium (Al) [5]. Al doping is most suitable because its cheap, abundant and non-toxic material and will produce Al doped ZnO thin film with higher optical transmittance and low resistivity in infrared region [4]. From the journal [6], radio-frequency (RF) reactive magnetron sputtering method was used to deposit Al-doped ZnO on the smooth nucleation side of FSD films by. The electrical properties were discussed. The first electron concentration increased and next decreased with the increase of Al doping concentration. The maximum carrier concentration achieve when the film is doped with 2at% Al. Hall mobility is inversely proportional to the Al doping concentration. The high temperature annealing process is use to enhance the Hall mobility of the films [6]. From the journal [7], ZnO thin films with various weight percentages of aluminium and the electrical properties were discussed using sol-gel dip-coating method. The conductivity shows higher response of the doped ZnO thin films under UV compared with dark condition. Both condition proof that the conductivity of ZnO is directly proportional to doping concentration. The optical band gap energy is also directly proportional with doping concentration. The transmittance of ZnO thin films is about 75% when wavelength from 390nm to 850nm. From the journal [8], at different dopant concentration the electrical properties of Al-doped ZnO thin films were discussed using sol-gel method. The resistance first decrease with increase aluminium ion concentration. Then the resistance of doped thin films increased with increasing dopant concentration and it decreases at higher Al concentration. The transmittance of ZnO thin films is about 80% when wavelength from 370nm to 850nm. The advantage of gallium is an excellent dopant for increasing the conductivity and this source is less reactive and more resistive oxidation. Based on the journal [5], Ga-doped ZnO nanowires were growth using thermal deposition method. The ZnO nanowires have grown uniformly with high yield and average length of each nanowire is about 1.3um. From the XRD pattern, it can be deduced that the Ga element doped into the nanowires creates a clear broadening. The Ga-doped ZnO nanowires have a greater field-enhancement factor than the undoped ZnO nanowires [5]. Aqueous solution process with post-growth rapid photothermal processing (RPP) was used to prepare Sn-doped ZnO nanorods to develop aligned Sn-doped ZnO nanostructure. Aqueous solution method was chosen in preparation of metal oxide nanoparticles structure due to its cost and environment friendly. Rapid photothermal processing (RPP) as an alternatives of thermal annealing was combine with aqueous solution due to short cycle time, reduced exposure and flexibility [9]. Based on journals [6], [7] and [8], the optimum doping concentration of aluminium is 2at%, 5at% and 1.5at% respectively. Optimal aluminium doping concentration will gives highly semiconducting properties of Al-doped ZnO thin film for application UV sensor [4]. A research had done on various Al doping concentration and the optimum doping concentration is at 1at% Al. This research will used 1at% Al concentration based on journal [4]. Aligned ZnO nanorods that were prepared using sonication method are a simple way and very low cost method compared to other techniques. It also will growth high quality ZnO nanorod with a small diameter size [10]. 1.2.3 Problem Statement, Scope and Limitation Most people are aware of the effects of UV through the painful condition of sunburn, but the UV spectrum has many other effects whether its benefits or damaging to human health. Too much exposure to UV radiation can affect human health. UV application for optical sensor used 230 nm to 400nm wavelength which is ultraviolet B (UVB) which is harmful to human skin. Since it is harmful to human skin, metal oxide semiconductor films have been considered due to its excellent chemical and physical properties. One of them is zinc oxide material. Zinc oxide is not only good in optoelectronic but also in electrical properties. Zinc oxide is then will be doped with aluminium to enhanced the zinc oxide thin film properties by using sol-gel spin-coating method. It is important to choose the right method for preparing aligned ZnO nanorod. The scope of this research is to investigate the electrical properties (I-V characteristic) and the optical properties of the ZnO nanorod thin film at different i mmersion time. The limitations of this research are on the solution preparation and deposition condition which are different for different groups and on the fix parameter. 1.2.4 Significant of the research The nanomaterials based sensors are raising the advantage of size reduction and enhanced functionality [12]. This research will used a simple method to prepare an aligned ZnO nanorod thin film which is sol-gel immersion method which is this method has not been reported by any research group. Moreover it is very low-cost method. 1.2.5 Objectives To prepare Al-doped ZnO thin film as seed catalyst layer. To prepare aligned ZnO nanorod thin film at different immersion time. To fabricate aligned ZnO nanorod thin film based UV photoconductive sensor. To characterize fabricated UV sensor. 1.2.6 Research Questions To achieve the objective of this research, some research questions would need to focus on which are: What is the I-V curve characteristic of aligned ZnO nanorod thin films before and after exposing to the UV illumination? What is the optical and absorbance characteristic of aligned ZnO nanorod thin films? How to fabricate ZnO thin film? What is the factor affecting the nanostructure ZnO thin film before and after exposing to the UV illumination? CHAPTER 2 2.1 Research Methodology 2.1.1 Al doped ZnO thin films Sol-gel spin-coating method was used to prepare Al doped ZnO thin films. The solution include zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2 2H2O) as precursor, aluminium nitrate nonahydrate (Al(NO3)3 9H2O) as a dopant source,monoethanolamine (MEA, C2H7N14) as a stabilizer and 2-methoxyethanol as a solvent were prepared. The concentration of aluminium nitrate was 1.0at% Al doping and the molar ratio of MEA to zinc acetate was fixed at 1.0. At 3 hours before aged at room temperature for 24hours to yield clear and homogeneous solutions the solution was stirred at 80Â °C. The solutions were then used for deposition process by spin-coating technique. Substrates used were microscope on the glass substrates. At room temperature, the spin-coating was performed using 10 drops of solution per deposition with a speed of 3000rpm for 60s. The films were preheated in atmosphere ambient at 150Â °C for 10 minutes to evaporate the solvent each time after deposition process. The films were annealed at 500Â ° C for 1 hour in air ambient using a furnace (Protherm) after repeating the coating procedure 10 times. The crystal structure and orientation of ZnO thin films were investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The cross-section of the film thickness is observed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). By using UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer, the optical properties of ZnO thin films were measured in the wavelength range from 200 nm to 1500nm. The electrical properties were measured by dc probing system [4]. Start Prepare the solution of zinc oxide Precursor : zinc acetate dehydrate Stabilizer : monoethanolamine Dopant source : aluminium nitrate nonahydrate Solvent : 2-methoxyethanol Heat and stir the solution Temperature : 80Â °C Time : 3hr Solution stirring and aging Temperature : room temperature Time : 24hr Thin film deposition using spin-coating tech. Speed : 3000rpm Time : 60s Temperature : room temperature Solution : 10 drops of solution per deposition Thin film drying Temperature : 150Â °C Time : 10min Repeat 10 times Thin film annealing Temperature : 500Â °C Time : 1hr End 2.1.2 Aligned ZnO nanorod structure An aligned ZnO nanorod structure was prepared using the sonicated sol-gel immersion method on a glass substrate coated with a ZnO thin film that had been doped with 1at% Al. The sol-gel coating method was used to prepare the Al-doped ZnO thin film as a seeded catalyst that was prepared on the glass substrate. A solution was prepared of 0.1M zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn (NO3)2 .6H2O) and 0.1M hexamethylenetetramine (HMT, H2NCH2CH2OH) in deionized water (DI). At 50Â °C for 30 minutes using an ultrasonic water bath, this solution was sonicated. The solution was then aged and stirred for 3 hours at room temperature. The sonicated and aged solution was poured into a Schott bottle, at the bottom which had been placed the horizontal Al-doped ZnO thin film coated glass substrate. The capped bottle was then immersed in a 95Â °C water bath for 4 hours. After the immersion process, the sample was cleaned with DI water and allowed to dry in ambient air. By using field emission scanning electro n microscope (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), the resulting ZnO nanorod structure was characterized for surface morphology and crystallinity. The optical transmittance and absorbance properties of the sample were characterized by UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer [10]. Start Prepare the solution in deionized water 0.1M zinc nitrate hexahydrate 0.1M hexamethylenetetramine Sonicated solution using an ultrasonic water bath Temperature : 50Â °C Time : 30min Solution stirring and aging Temperature : room temperature Time : 3hr Placed the horizontal Al-doped ZnO thin film coated glass substrate at the bottom Schott bottle. Poured sonicated and aged solution Immersion process Temperature : 95Â °C water bath Time : 4hr Clean with DI water and dry in ambient air Nanorod structure characterization Electrical properties Optical properties End CHAPTER 3 3.1 Conclusion The electrical properties of ZnO thin film improved when ZnO thin film was doped with aluminium. Optimum aluminium doping concentration will gives highly semiconducting properties of Al-doped ZnO thin film for application UV sensor. It is important to find low cost method. The ZnO nanorods have an average diameter of 100nm. An average optical transmittance of 78% was observed. The electrical properties and optical properties of an aligned ZnO nanorod thin film were affected when varying the immersion time. High degree of crystalline, large surface area availability, a visible wavelength transparency and high UV absorption properties, this method show its suitable for UV sensor application.

A Rose for Emily Setting Analysis Essay -- essays papers

A Rose for Emily Setting Analysis In "A Rose for Emily", a woman (for whom the story is named) confines herself in her somewhat large house in a small town during the early half of the twentieth century. For the most part, in order to understand the entirety of the story, it is vital to understand the setting and how each character develops it, and,or, interacts with it. As far as the town is concerned, it is very isolated and the people seem to value this quality, as well as the lack of progression in social change, most. There is also a great deal of gossip that regularly circulates about the town's people with great interest. All this was best implied in the comment, "At first we were glad that Miss Emily would have an interest, because the ladies all said 'Of course a Grierson would not think seriously of a Northerner, a day laborer.' But there were still others, older people, who said that even grief could not cause a real lady to forget noblesse oblige -- without calling it noblesse oblige"(719). This is a comment on Emily's relationship with construction work...